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Wednesday, November 24, 2010

Sine Wave To TTL Converter

Sine_Wave_to__TTL_Converter_Circuit_Diagram

As the title implies, the present circuit is intended to convert sinusoidal input signals to TTL output signals. It can handle inputs of more than 100 mV and is suitable for use at frequencies up to about 80 MHz. Transistor T1, configured in a common-emitter circuit, is biased by voltage divider R3–R5 such that the potential across output resistor R1 is about half the supply voltage. When the circuit is driven by a signal whose amplitude is between 100 mV and TTL level (about 2 V r.m.s.), the circuit generates rectangular signals. The lowest frequencies that could be processed by the prototype were around 100 kHz at an input level of 100 mV, and about 10 kHz when the input signals were TTL level.Resistor R6 holds the input resistance at about 50 Ω, which is the normal value in measurement techniques. It ensures that the effects of long coaxial cables on the signal are negligible. If the converter is used in a circuit with ample limits, R6 may be omitted, whereupon the input resistance rises to 300 Ω.

http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/06/sine-wave-to-ttl-converter.html

10,000x With One Transistor



For a collector follower with emitter resistor, you’ll often find that the gain per stage is no more than 10 to 50 times. The gain increases when the emitter resistor is omitted. Unfortunately, the distortion also increases. With a ubiquitous transistor such as the BC547B, the gain of the transistor is roughly equal to 40 times the collector current (Ic), provided the collector current is less than a few milliamps. Circuit diagram:

transistor booster circuit schematic

This value is in theory equal to the expression q/KT, where q is the charge of the electron, K is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
For simplicity, and assuming room temperature, we round this value to 40. For a single stage amplifier circuit with grounded emitter it holds that the gain Uout /Uin (for AC voltage) is in theory equal to SRc. As we observed before, the slope S is about 40Ic. From this follows that the gain is approximately equal to 40I cRc. What does this mean? In the first instance this leads to a very practical rule of thumb: that gain of a grounded emitter circuit amounts to 40·I c·Rc, which is equal to 40 times the voltage across the collector resistor.If Ub is, for example, equal to 12 V and the collector is set to 5V, then we know, irrespective of the values of the resistors that the gain will be about 40R(12–5) = 280. Notable is the fact that in this way the gain can be very high in theory, by selecting a high power supply voltage. Such a voltage could be obtained from an isolating transformer from the mains. An isolating transformer can be made by connecting the secondaries of two transformers together, which results in a galvanically isolated mains voltage.That means, that with a mains voltage of 240 Veff there will be about 340 V DC after rectification and filtering. If in the amplifier circuit the power supply voltage is now 340 V and the collector voltage is 2 V, then the gain is in theory equal to 40 x (340–2). This is more than 13,500 times! However, there are a few drawbacks in practice. This is related to the output characteristic of the transistor. In practice, it turns out that the transistor does actually have an output resistor between collector and emitter.
This output resistance exists as a transistor parameter and is called ‘hoe’. In normal designs this parameter is of no consequence because it has no noticeable effect if the collector resistor is not large. When powering the amplifier from 340 V and setting the collector current to 1 mA, the collector resistor will have a value of 338 k. Whether the ‘hoe’-parameter has any influence depends in the type of transistor. We also note that with such high gains, the base-collector capacitance in particular will start to play a role.As a consequence the input frequency may not be too high. For a higher bandwidth we will have to use a transistor with small Cbc, such as a BF494 or perhaps even an SHF transistor such as a BFR91A. We will have to adjust the value of the base resistor to the new hfe. The author has carried out measurements with a BC547B at a power supply voltage of 30 V. A value of 2 V was chosen for the collector voltage. Measurements confirm the rule of thumb. The gain was more than 1,000 times and the effects of ‘hoe’ and the base-collector capacitance were not noticeable because of the now much smaller collector resistor.

 

http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/05/10000x-with-one-transistor.html

High Current and Variable Voltage Regulator supply 0-25V at 25A

 



This entry was posted on Wednesday, October 8th, 2008 at 9:33 am and is filed under High Current supply, power supply. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.

You who like to build project power supply, May ever use the integrated circuit LM723 It can work in the circuit, there is integrated this circuit with can change voltage output get 0-25V with VR1 And control current get moderately tall about 25A by fine at VR2. For transistor at do infront enlarge the trend tallly go up. Arrive at 25A that ,he chooses to use 2N6776 numbers s have been canning wasp parallel then enhance to enlarge the trend tall very , and may more than 2N3055 numbers with. For other detail , see in original website better
 
 
http://www.seits.org/features/pwrsup.htm

Voltage Variable Power Supply 0-12V 0.7A max 2A



This entry was posted on Friday, July 11th, 2008 at 8:10 am and is filed under dc voltage regulator, dc voltage variable, power supply. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site. In the experiment builds power supply regulator the that.

I will begin with the circuit is simple before. Which in this circuit use a little equipment. Have just zener diode perform regulator and the transistor number BD679 perform enlarge the current tallly go up. For VR1 - 5K values perform to fine the voltage of output. By initial from 0V go to topmost about 12V and pay the Current has usual about 0.7A topmost about 2A depend on transformer with.The detail is other see take get from circuit picture follow Link the this


http://www.talkingelectronics.com/te_interactive_index.html