DC/DC Converter From +1.5V To +34V

An interesting DC/DC converter IC is available from Linear Technology. The LT1615 step-up switching voltage regulator can generate an output voltage of up to +34V from a +1.2 to +15V supply, using only a few external components. The tiny 5-pin SOT23 package makes for very compact construction. This IC can for example be used to generate the high voltage needed for an LCD screen, the tuning voltage for a varicap diode and so on. The internal circuit diagram of the LT1615 is shown in Figure 1. It contains a monostable with a pulse time of 400 ns, which determines the off time of the transistor switch.If the voltage sampled at the feedback input drops below the reference threshold level of 1.23 V, the transistor switches on and the current in the coil starts to increase. This builds up energy in the magnetic field of the coil. When the current through the coil reaches 350 mA, the monostable is triggered and switches the transistor off for the following 400 ns. Since the energy stored in the coil must go somewhere, current continues to flow through the coil, but it decreases linearly. This current charges the output capacitor via the Schottky diode (SS24, 40V/2A). As long as the voltage at FB remains higher than 1.23V, nothing else happens.
As soon as it drops below this level, however, the whole cycle is repeated. The hysteresis at the FB input is 8mV. The output voltage can be calculated using the formula Vout = 1.23V (R1+R2) / R2 The value of R1 can be selected in the megohm range, since the current into the FB input is only a few tens of nano-amperes. When the supply voltage is switched on, or if the output is short-circuited, the IC enters the power-up mode. As long as the voltage at FB is less than 0.6V, the LT1615 output current is limited to 250mA instead of 350mA, and the monostable time is increased to 1.5µs.These measures reduce the power dissipation in the coil and diode while the output voltage is rising. In order to minimize the noise voltages produced when the coil is switched, the IC must be properly decoupled by capacitors at the input and output. The series resistance of these capacitors should be as low as possible, so that they can short noise voltages to earth. They should be located as close to the IC as possible, and connected directly to the earth plane. The area of the track at the switch output (SW) should be as small as possible. Connecting a 4.7-µF capacitor across the upper feedback capacitor helps to reduce the level of the output ripple voltage.

Switching Voltage Regulator

The Analog Devices ACP3610 is a voltage doubler that works with a switched-capacitor converter, using the push-pull principle. The switching frequency at the output is approximately 550 kHz. The term ‘push-pull’ refers to the two charge pumps, which work in parallel but in opposite directions in order to deliver the output voltage and current. Whenever one capacitor is supplying current to the output, the other one is being charged. This technique minimizes voltages losses and output ripple. The converter works with input voltages between 3 and 3.6 V. It provides an output voltage of around 6V at a maximum current of 320mA, if 2.2µF switched capacitors with low ESR (equivalent series resistance) are used.

A shut-down input is provided to allow the voltage doubler to be enabled or disabled by a logic-level signal. The IC is enclosed in a special package, which can dissipate up to 980mW at room temperature. The schematic diagram shows a typical application for the ADP3610. Here it works as a non-regulated voltage doubler. In theory, a voltage doubler can provide exactly twice the input voltage at its output, but in practice the combination of internal losses in the electronic switches and the internal resistances of the capacitors always causes the output voltage to be somewhat lower. The output voltage drops from a no-load value of 6 V to 5.4 V with a 320mA load, with a nearly linear characteristic.

A small capacitor is connected across the two supply pins at the input of the IC. It suppresses noise, brief voltage fluctuations, and current peaks when the ADP3610 switches. This capacitor (CIN) must have a low internal resistance (ESR). A larger capacitance value is necessary if long supply leads to the ADP3610 are present. The 1µF output capacitor (CO) is alternately charged by the two capacitors of the charge pump, CP1 and CP2. The internal resistance is an important factor here as well. It largely determines the amount that the voltage drops under load, and the amount of ripple in the output voltage. Ceramic or tantalum capacitors are recommended. The ESR can also be reduced by connecting several smaller-value capacitors in parallel. With small loads, the value of CO may be reduced.


http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/08/switching-voltage-regulator.html

Variable Voltage Regulator using the L200

This is a circuit diagram of the circuit variable regulator, which uses IC L200, as regulator of voltage and current, IC For this comes from the company SGS-Thomson, which gives this series. This diagram circuit output voltage can be set, we can set the output voltage, with RV1. You can use this power supply circuit in various applications





Component :
R1=0.7 / Io max
R2=10 ohms
R3=1Kohm
R4=820 ohms
RV1=4.7Kohm pot.
C1=4700uF 63V
C2-3=100nF 100V
C4=47uF 63V
Q1=BDW51
Q2=BC108
IC1=L200

Voltage Regulator Using LM338

This circuit is a circuit diagram power supply. Circuit diagram works on voltage +13.8 V 5A with electric currents. This circuit controlled by the LM338 IC. Many times we need a supply of relatively strong in the framework we provide a variety of equipment with + 13.8V, as transceivers CB, cargo lead-acid batteries, and others known to use the circuit capable of providing complete in his exit, when This continuously operating 5A and 12A peak current. Not only need a few external components. Setting the voltage at + 13.8V to the trimmer TR1, (multiturn). The IC1 LM338 must in each case is placed on one suitable heatsink, which both supported by one fan. All the connections by the circuit become with big cross-section cable, because the current through from within their already high enough. The following is a schematic drawing:

Component :
R1=270R 1/4W 2%
TR1=4k7 (Multiturn)
C1=10000uF 40V
C2-3=100 nF 100V Polyester
C4-5=10uF 25V
D1-2=1N4002 (1A/100V)
B1=25A Bridge Rectifier
IC1=LM338
T1=220Vac/15VAC – 8A Mains Transformer
S1=2 Pole Single Throw Mains Switch
F1=250mA Fuse

http://freecircuitdiagram.net/voltage-regulator-using-lm338.html

2-25V 5A Power Supply Using LM338

This circuit is a circuit diagram power supply circuit uses a LM338 adjustable 3 terminal regulator to supply a current of up to 5A over a variable output voltage of 2V to 25V DC. It will come in handy to power up many electronic circuits when you are assembling or building any electronic devices. The schematic and parts list are designed for a power supply input of 240VAC. Change the ratings of the components if 110V AC power supply input is required. The mains input is applied to the circuit through fuse F1. The fuse will blow if a current greater than 8A is applied to the system. Varistor V1 is used to clamp down any surge of voltage from the mains to protect the components from breakdown. Transformer T1 is used to step down the incoming voltage to 24V AC where it is rectified by the four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4. Electrolytic capacitor E1 is used to smoothen the ripple of the rectified DC voltage.

Diodes D5 and D6 are used as a protection devices to prevent capacitors E2 and E3 from discharging through low current points into the regulator. Capacitor C1 is used to bypass high frequency component from the circuit. Ensure that a large heat sink is mounted to LM338 to transfer the heat generated to the atmosphere.

http://freecircuitdiagram.net/2-25v-5a-power-supply-using-lm338.html

Regulated 12 Volt Supply

This circuit above uses a 13 volt zener diode, D2 which provides the voltage regulation. Aprroximately 0.7 Volts are dropped across the transistors b-e junction, leaving a higher current 12.3 Volt output supply. This circuit can supply loads of up to 500 mA.This circuit is also known as an amplified zener circuit.

Transformerless Power Supply

If you are not experienced in dealing with it, then leave this project alone.Although Mains equipment can itself consume a lot of current, the circuits we build to control it, usually only require a few milliamps. Yet the low voltage power supply is frequently the largest part of the construction and a sizeable portion of the cost.

This circuit will supply up to about 20ma at 12 volts. It uses capacitive reactance instead of resistance; and it doesn't generate very much heat.The circuit draws about 30ma AC. Always use a fuse and/or a fusible resistor to be on the safe side. The values given are only a guide. There should be more than enough power available for timers, light operated switches, temperature controllers etc, provided that you use an optical isolator as your circuit's output device. (E.g. MOC 3010/3020) If a relay is unavoidable, use one with a mains voltage coil and switch the coil using the optical isolator.C1 should be of the 'suppressor type'; made to be connected directly across the incoming Mains Supply. They are generally covered with the logos of several different Safety Standards Authorities. If you need more current, use a larger value capacitor; or put two in parallel; but be careful of what you are doing to the Watts. The low voltage 'AC' is supplied by ZD1 and ZD2.

The bridge rectifier can be any of the small 'Round', 'In-line', or 'DIL' types; or you could use four separate diodes. If you want to, you can replace R2 and ZD3 with a 78 Series regulator. The full sized ones will work; but if space is tight, there are some small 100ma versions available in TO 92 type cases. They look like a BC 547. It is also worth noting that many small circuits will work with an unregulated supply. You can, of course, alter any or all of the Zenner diodes in order to produce a different output voltage. As for the mains voltage, the suggestion regarding the 110v version is just that, a suggestion. I haven't built it, so be prepared to experiment a little.

I get a lot of emails asking if this power supply can be modified to provide currents of anything up to 50 amps. It cannot. The circuit was designed to provide a cheap compact power supply for Cmos logic circuits that require only a few milliamps. The logic circuits were then used to control mains equipment (fans, lights, heaters etc.) through an optically isolated triac. If more than 20mA is required it is possible to increase C1 to 0.68uF or 1uF and thus obtain a current of up to about 40mA. But 'suppressor type' capacitors are relatively big and more expensive than regular capacitors; and increasing the current means that higher wattage resistors and zener diodes are required. If you try to produce more than about 40mA the circuit will no longer be cheap and compact, and it simply makes more sense to use a transformer.

Dual Regulated Power Supply

In this circuit, the 7815 regulatates the positive supply, and the 7915 regulates the negative supply. The transformer should have a primary rating of 240/220 volts for europe, or 120 volts for North America. The centre tapped secondary coil should be rated about 18 volts at 1 amp or higher,allowing for losses in the regulator. An application for this type of circuit would be for a small regulated bench power supply.

12 Volt 30 amp Supply

The input transformer is likely to be the most expensive part of the entire project. As an alternative, a couple of 12 Volt car batteries could be used. The input voltage to the regulator must be at least several volts higher than the output voltage (12V) so that the regulator can maintain its output. If a transformer is used, then the rectifier diodes must be capable of passing a very high peak forward current, typically 100amps or more. The 7812 IC will only pass 1 amp or less of the output current, the remainder being supplied by the outboard pass transistors. As the circuit is designed to handle loads of up to 30 amps, then six TIP2955 are wired in parallel to meet this demand. The dissipation in each power transistor is one sixth of the total load, but adequate heat sinking is still required. Maximum load current will generate maximum dissipation, so a very large heat sink is required. In considering a heat sink, it may be a good idea to look for either a fan or water cooled heat sink. In the event that the power transistors should fail, then the regulator would have to supply full load current and would fail with catastrophic results. A 1 amp fuse in the regulators output prevents a safeguard. The 400mohm load is for test purposes only and should not be included in the final circuit.

9 Volt 2 Amp Power Supply

There is little to be said about this circuit. All the work is done by the regulator. The 78S09 can deliver up to 2 amps continuous output whilst maintaining a low noise and very well regulated supply.
The circuit will work without the extra components, but for reverse polarity protection a 1N5400 diode is provided at the input, extra smoothing being provided by C1. The output stage includes C2 for extra filtering, if powering a logic circuit than a 100nF capacitor is also desirable to remove any high frequency switching noise.

13 Volt Power Supply

Please operate caution when building this power supply. It is run on standard 117 ac current - and under the right circumstances 117 ac can kill you. Use a plastic enclosure if possible to decrease chances of short-circuiting. Don't use the power supply if it's wet, and never run it without the specified fuse.

U1	LM7812 +12 VDC Voltage Regulator
BR1	4 amp bridge rectifier
T1	18 volt, 2 amp ac transformer
F1	2 amp slow-blow fuse
S1	SPST toggle switch
R1	330 ohm resistor
C1	3,000 uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 volt min.
C2	100 uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 volt min.
LED1	Light Emitting Diode
MISC.	fuse holder, heat sink for U1, binding posts, ac cord with plug, chassis

Inverter 12V to 220V 300W by NE555,2N3055

This be inverter circuit the size about 300W .It performs to transform from battery 12V be house electric 220V 50Hz by have signal picture is Square wave. And it has the distinction that uses the equipment seek easy, such as integrated

circuit NE555 and 2N3055 transistors. request to have fun circuit this idea

Power inverter 12Vdc to 220Vac using Cmos 4047

This converter has a central component, the CMOS 4047, and converts a 12V DC voltage to 220V AC voltage. 4047 is utilised as a astable multivibrator. At pin 10 and 11 we find a rectangular symmetrically signal which is amplified by tow Darlington transistors T1 and T2 and finally reaches the secondary coil of a transformer network (2 x 10V/60VA). Primary coil terminals voltage is 220 alternative voltage. To obtain a better performance use a toroidal core transformer with reduced losses. With P1 the output frequency can be regulated between certain limits (50…400Hz).



http://apowersupply.com/converter-12v-dc-220v-ac-59.html

USB Power from Cigar Lighter Socket

The diagram shows the circuit of a versatile USB power socket that safely converts the 12V battery voltage into stable 5V. This circuit makes it possible to power/recharge any USB power-operated device, using in-dash board cigar lighter socket of your car.The DC supply available from the cigar lighter socket is fed to an adjustable, three-pin regulator LM317L (IC1). Capacitor C1 buffers any disorder in the input supply. Resistors R1 and R2 regulate the output of IC1 to steady 5V, which is available at the ‘A’ type female USB socket. Red LED1 indicates the output status and zener diode ZD1 acts as a protector against high voltage.
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a slim plastic cabinet along with the indicator and USB socket. While wiring the USB outlet, ensure correct polarity of the supply. For interconnection between the cigar plug pin and the device, use a long coil cord as shown in Fig. 2. Pin configuration of LM317L is shown in Fig. 3.

http://apowersupply.com

Short-Circuit Protection in DC Low-Voltage Systems

Here is a Short-Circuit Protection circuit to derive the additional power supply from the main circuit. The main circuit is protected from any damage due to short-circuit in the additional power supply circuit by cutting off the derived supply voltage.
The derived supply voltage restores automatically when shorting is removed. An LED is used to indicate whether short-circuit exists or not.In the main power supply circuit, 230V AC is stepped down by transformer X1 (230V AC primary to 0-9V, 300mA secondary), rectified by a fullwave rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C1 and regulated by IC 7805 to give regulated 5V (O/P1). Transistors SK100 and BC547 are used to derive the secondary output of around 5V (O/P2) from the main 5V supply (O/P1).
Working of the ShortCircuit Protection circuit is simple. When the 5V DC output from regulator IC 7805 is available, transistor BC547 conducts through resistors R1 and R3 and LED1. As a result, transistor SK100 conducts and short-circuit protected 5V DC output appears across O/P2 terminals. The green LED (LED2) glows to indicate the same, while the red LED (LED1) remains off due to the presence of the same voltage at both of its ends.
When O/P2 terminals short, BC547 cuts off due to grounding of its base. As a result, SK100 is also cut-off. Thus during short-circuit, the green LED (LED2) turns off and the red LED (LED1) glows. Capacitors C2 and C3 across the main 5V output (O/P1) absorb the voltage fluctuations occurring due to short-circuit in O/P2, ensuring disturbance-free O/P1. The design of the circuit is based on the relationship given below:
RB = (HFE X Vs)/(1.3 X IL) where,
RB = Base resistances of transistors of SK100 and BC547
HFE = 200 for SK100 and 350 for BC547
Switching Voltage Vs = 5V
1.3 = Safety factor
IL = Collector-emitter current of transistors
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Connect O/P1 and O/P2 terminals on the front panel of the cabinet. Also connect the mains power cord to feed 230V AC to the transformer. Connect LED1 and LED2 for visual indication.

http://apowersupply.com

3 to 24V Variable Power Supply

This 3 to 24 volt variable-regulated power supply can be adjusted from 3 to 25 volts and is current limited to 2 amps as shown, but may be increased to 3 amps or more by selecting a smaller current sense resistor (0.3 ohm). The 2N3055 and 2N3053 transistors should be mounted on suitable heat sinks and the current sense resistor should be rated at 3 watts or more.

Voltage regulation is controlled by 1/2 of a 1558 or 1458 op-amp. The 1458 may be substituted in the circuit below, but it is recommended the supply voltage to pin 8 be limited to 30 VDC, which can be accomplished by adding a 6.2 volt zener or 5.1 K resistor in series with pin 8. The maximum DC supply voltage for the 1458 and 1558 is 36 and 44 respectively. The power transformer should be capable of the desired current while maintaining an input voltage at least 4 volts higher than the desired output, but not exceeding the maximum supply voltage of the op-amp under minimal load conditions.

The power transformer shown is a center tapped 25.2 volt AC / 2 amp unit that will provide regulated outputs of 24 volts at 0.7 amps, 15 volts at 2 amps, or 6 volts at 3 amps. The 3 amp output is obtained using the center tap of the transformer with the switch in the 18 volt position. All components should be available at Radio Shack with the exception of the 1558 op-amp.

 http://apowersupply.com

Adjustable Voltage Regulator

This Adjustable Voltage Regulator is made by combining a common 78L05 with an integrated audio amplifier of the type TDA2030, an adjustable voltage regulator can be constructed in a very simple manner that works very well. The output voltage is adjustable up to 20 V, with a maximum current of 3 A. Since the TDA2030 comes complete with a good thermal and short-circuit protection circuit, this adjustable regulator is also very robust.
As illustrated by the schematic, the design of this circuit is characterized by simplicity that is hard to beat. In addition to the two ICs, the regulator contains actually only two potentiometers and a few capacitors.

The adjustment is done by first turning potentiometer P1 to maximum (wiper to the side of the 78L05) and subsequently turning trimpot P2 until the desired maximum output voltage is reached. P1 is then used to provide a continuously adjustable voltage between this maximum and nearly zero volts.

At relatively small output currents there are no specific requirements regarding the cooling. However, when the output current exceeds 1 A, or if the input to output voltage difference is quite large, the amplifier IC has to dissipate too much power and a small heatsink is certainly appropriate.

 http://apowersupply.com

Switch Mode Power Supply

This Switch Mode Power Supply circuit use the IC from National Semiconductor has been producing and designing ICs for use in switch-mode power supplies for many years. The application of these devices is normally straightforward, helped by the excellent documentation that is available. A typical example of a switch-mode power supply is that based on the LM2671 or LM2674.The components for it are available for outputs of 3.3 V, 5 V and 12 V. There is also a version providing a presettable output voltage. Within the specified application, the supplies can deliver currents of up to 500 mA. Note-worthy is the high switching frequency of 260 kHz.

This has the advantage that only low-value inductor and capacitors are needed, and this results in excellent efficiency and small dimensions. In normal circumstances, the efficiency is 90% and may even go up to 96%. Both ICs provide protection against current and temperature overloads.

The LM2671 has a number of additional facilities such as soft start and the option to work with an external clock. The latter enables several supplies to be synchronized so as to give better control of any EMC (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility). The application shown in the diagram provides an output voltage of 5 V and an output current of up to 500 mA. Diode D1 is a Schottky type ((Uco≥ 45 V and Imax≥ 3 A).

 

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Homemade PCB

Printed circuit board or PCB is one of the important things to assemble an electronic circuit. It provides support to the components and makes electrical connection between the parts. In PCB assembling, the components are placed on one side of the Copper laminate passing their pins or leads to the other side through the holes. The pins/leads are then soldered to connect with the PCB tracks. Here explains the easiest method to make a homemade PCB for prototyping.To make the PCB, following materials are required


1. Copper clad board

This is available in different sizes. Select a suitable size to accommodate all the components. If the copper clad board is large in size, cut it to the required size using a Hacksaw blade. The copper clad board has a copper coated side which forms the soldering side. The other side is the component side on which the components are placed.If there is any dirt or copper oxide on the copper side, clean it throughly using a pencil eraser
Copper clad board

2. Ferric chloride solution

This is the Etching solution of Ferric chloride. It removes the unwanted copper layers from the copper clad board. The Etching solution can be prepared by dissolving 50 gms Ferric chloride powder in 100 ml Luke warm water.
3. PCB drill and bits
PCB drill is used to drill holes in the PCB. A hand drill with suitable bits is sufficient for the purpose. Use drill bits of the following size to make holes for different components
A. 1mm – for IC pins
B. 1.2mm – for Resistor, capacitor, transistor etc.
C. 1.5mm – for diode, LED pins, presets etc.
D. 5mm – for LED, nuts, screws etc.
E. 8mm – for switches, pots etc.
4. OHP Permanent Marker Pen, Tracing / Butter paper, Pencil Carbon paper, Varnish etc.
PCB Making
PCB making involves the following stages

1. Draw the circuit diagram as compact as possible on a paper. Mark the points (component pins) to be drilled. This diagram is used for Pattern drawing on the copper clad board.
2. Draw the same diagram in the tracing / butter paper using the OHP marker pen. Draw the diagram carefully without any overlapping or shorting of tracks or components. The neatness of the PCB lies in the Pattern drawing. After drawing, see the other side of the paper. There is a Mirror Sketch of the tracks. This is the actual pattern of the PCB.
Mirror Sketch of PCB tracks

3. Place the Pencil carbon on the copper side of the copper clad board. The ink side of the carbon paper should face the copper layer.
4. Place the tracing paper with diagram over the carbon paper. The diagram should be in the middle part of the copper clad board. Fold the sides of the tracing and carbon papers and stick it using cello tape. This prevents the movement while drawing.
5. Once again redraw the diagram using the OHP marker pen so that the carbon ink will create a mirror sketch on the copper clad board.
6. Remove the tracing paper and carbon paper. Using the OHP marker pen, redraw the carbon pattern of the mirror sketch on the copper laminate. So that the tracks will be created using the permanent marker ink. Keep it for 10 minutes to dry the ink.
7. Mark points to be drilled.
8. Take a Plastic or Porcelain tray and place the copper clad board with the track side facing upwards. Carefully pour the Ferric chloride solution over the copper clad till the copper clad immerse in the ferric chloride solution. Keep the tray in sunlight and shake occasionally. Etching will be completed in one to two hours.
Etched PCB

9. After etching, thoroughly clean the copper clad using tap water. This will remove the dissolved copper from the copper laminate except the copper beneath the OHP pen markings.
10. Drill holes using appropriate drill bits.
11. Remove the OHP pen markings using Petrol or Thinner so that the tracks will appear as copper lines.
12. If required, tin the tracks carefully using solder lead. Dip in varnish to prevent copper oxidation in tracks.
Tinned PCB

Commercial PCB
It is made using the following methods
1. Drawing the diagram in ORCAD or similar PCB drawing computer software. Diagrams include, Mirror sketch, Component values and symbols of components (Legend), diagram of pin holes.
PCB Design Software

2. Laser printing of the diagrams
3. Making Positive and Negative films of the diagrams
4. Screen printing of Mirror sketch and Legend on both sides of Copper clad board
5. Etching
6. Drilling of holes using machine drill
7. Tinning of holes in tinning machine
8. Masking using dyes
Commercial PCB- Legend and Track sides

Caution: Ferric chloride solution is toxic. It can cause skin burning or irritation. Use hand gloves during etching. Do not spill the ferric chloride on the skin. If this happens accidently, wash with water. Do not keep ferric chloride in places accessible to children.
D.Mohankumar